1. Why tenements are uniquely challenging
Solid sandstone walls (no cavity), shared ownership of common parts, the factor system, and frequent conservation area designations all shape what you can do.
2. Insulation options
- Internal wall insulation (IWI): £3,000–£8,000. Most practical option, no all-owner agreement required, but you lose 80–100mm of internal width.
- External wall insulation (EWI): More effective but requires all owners to agree, planning consent and is often restricted by conservation rules.
- Loft insulation: Top-floor flats only — £300–£600. Highest impact-per-£ measure available.
- Draught proofing: £200–£600. Best first step. No agreements needed.
3. Heat pumps in tenements
Possible but requires a specialist survey. The main hurdles are external unit placement, owner agreement and ensuring the building is insulated first.
4. EPC ratings — what to expect
Often band E or F. Band C is achievable but expensive. Exemptions exist if cost-effective measures still leave you below band C.
5. Navigating the factor system
Speak to your factor early. They are required to consult owners on common works but cannot override majority decisions. Get quotes from multiple factor-approved contractors.
6. Area-based schemes via Glasgow City Council
Area-Based Schemes (ABS) sometimes target tenement closes for whole-building EWI projects, fully or part-funded. Check the council's energy efficiency page.
7. Grants available
- HES grant and loan (owner-occupiers)
- Warmer Homes Scotland (qualifying households)
- ECO4 (benefits / Flex)
- Council area-based schemes
8. Recommended sequence
- Draught proof first
- Loft (if accessible)
- Get an up-to-date EPC
- Internal wall insulation
- Heat pump assessment last